The 4–5 year stage involves significant domain refinement. Cognitively, skills focus on planning, problem-solving (executive function), and readiness for formal learning. Physical development is marked by confident gross motor skills (running, jumping) and refined fine motor control for drawing, cutting, and self-care. Socially/Emotionally, group play is critical for mastering cooperation, self-regulation, and empathy. Communication advances with rapid language expansion and the foundation for early literacy and numeracy concepts